The structural potential of concrete, however, was not realized until the 1890s when steel re-inforcing was added. This addition yielded a composite material with far greater structural integrity. These steel bars, twisted in a variety
of shapes to promote a bond to the concrete,
were intended to resist sheer stresses while
the concrete itself took up compression.
Originally, the idea was to imitate stone as closely as possible. In recent times, architects have begun to use reinforced concrete in its natural finished state without any "faux" surface treatment. Such honest use of materials is very much a part of the modernist aesthetic..
N :PHYSSIZE
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Concrete
oneRoomPlan
:PHYSSIZE
One room plans were the basic house type, especially in the early settlement periods.
They could be timber frame, log, or masonry,
and represented the minimal requirements for
a permanent shelter.
An important aspect of this plan is the chimney, which was usually on one side. The "Rhode Island stone-ender house" is an example. One room houses were generally added to, which led to several other plan types such as Central Chimney, Saddlebag House, and Dog -Trot House...Dog-Trot House.
Historic Plan Types
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One room floor plan
Categories of Houses
Historic Plan Types
One Room Plan
backHallPlan
Back Hall Planlannan
The Back Hall Plan originated for two basic reasons. For a freestanding house, this plan allowed the room facing the street, usually a double parlor, to occupy the entire front of the house.
Why this was desirable is not exactly clear, unless it was simply to have the most elaborately decorated rooms visible from the street.
With the Greek Revival Style where there was a templed portico, the lines of the classical facade were not inter-rupted by a doorway if it was moved to the side of the house. n any case, the principle of this plan was to locate the main entrance on one side of the house with the staircase parallel to the street. The ell, running perpendicular to the main block of the house, contained the dining room, kitchen and woodshed.. woodshed.
Historic Plan Types
define templed portico here
In any case, the principle of this plan was to locate the main entrance on one side of the house with the staircase parallel to the street. The ell, running per-pendicular to the main block of the house, contained the dining room, kitchen and woodshed.
:PHYSSIZE
Categories of Houses
Historic Plan Types
Back Hall Plannanlan
ory house.
2 room house, central chimney plannnn
hdhmain
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
:PHYSSIZE
Structural members were compensated for by diagonal bracing where vertical and horizontal beams were joined. Further structural rigidity was introduced in the use of studs that were usually
3 x 4 before the Civil War. Sawmills were increas-ingly able to turn out wood in uniform dimensions
in greater quantity at economical rates.
In other words, more houses could be produced out of a given amount of lumber, thus providing an incentive for builders to economize on its use in construction techniques....techniques.
:PHYSSIZE
h @ e
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Braced Frame
oneRoomPlan
centralChimneyPlan
Determinants of Form
Categories of Houses
Our survey of American houses from 1600 to 1970 is divided into 3 categories -- construction tech-nique, historic plan types, and historic style -- to emphasize the different perspectives from which you might consider the house.
The distinction between technique, plan, and style is significant. Each category isolates a few determi-nants of house form so that the impact of these forc-es upon the whole house can be better understood.
mining construction technique focuses us on the technology and materials that were available to builders. Limi
HOUSE DESIGN
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manufactured
stone
geodesic
Determinants of Form
Historic plan types illustrate both the social organization of the house as well as the regional distinctions which adapt the universal idea of house to the local conditions of climate.
Back Hall plann
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Categories of Houses
hdhmain
adobe
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Tectonicss"
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We have included this information about categories of houses based on construction techniques to clarify how the tectonic sense of builders has influenced house types. Where these types of construction are particular to a place, they are identified in the Ecoregions and Architecture section of Complete House.
NDERSCORE: JUMP TOPICC
Courtesy Steven Moore))
Adobe construction
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesetruction Technique
Tectonics""
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histPlans
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
LShapedPlan
bracedFrame
histStyles
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h @ e
Categories of Houses
P TOPICC
Courtesy Steven Moore
Adobe construction
geodesic
Geodesic
Geodesic
Historically, all structures are designed to carry loads, either their own or other parts of a building. An arch, for example, carries the weight of the wall above but is two-dimensional in the sense that the wall would collapse if sufficient pressure were applied laterally. In contrast, the principle of geo-desic space frames is to construct a shelter using the form of a dome fabricated with triangles, which are inherently stable and thus provide a rigid structure.
It is a more three-dimensional structure in the sense that loads are distributed evenly from every direction except the base, which rests on the ground. The dome itself is appealing be-cause it allows for a large open space without vertical supports....cal supports..l supports.
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
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Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
masonry
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Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Masonry
Brick and stone construction has always been considered a desirable and prestigious building material. Although its use for houses was less common in northern regions during
the early settlement periods, the prestige of having a masonry house, plus its fire-resistant qualities, made it a popular construction tech-nique wherever brick and stone were available. Indeed, by the early 1800s, many cities required all new buildings to be built with masonry in certain high density areas.
Architectural styles also played a part in the popularity of masonry for houses. For example, brick was essential in the High Victorian Gothic Style, while stone was preferred for Richardsonian Romanesque. However, the fashionable popularity of masonry often led to its being used as a facing material on a wood frame.............te 19th century, therefore, all buildings that appear to be masonry construction may actually have a different structural system.stem.. structural system..
preferred for Richardsonian Romanesque. However, the fashionable popularity of masonry often led to its being used as a facing material on a wood frame building. In the late 19th century, buildings that appear to be masonry construction may actually have a different structural system.
Categories of Houses
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HOUSE DESIGN
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footnote
Quote from The Anti-Aesthetic by Kenneth Frampton, citing Stanford Anderson, p. 27..
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entasis
Entasis -- (en' ti sis) slightly convex curve given to a column to correct the optical illusion of curving inward that is characteristic of a straight-line column. (See illustration on right.)
centralHallPlan
Central Hall Plannan
As soon as the central chimney block was dispensed with through improved flue and hearth design, an important concept in the evolution of house planning was introduced -- the central hall.
With this change, the staircase was the central feature which dictated room arrangements of the rest of the house. The central hall and its staircase were elaborately ornamented since they were the introduction into the home.
A central chimney stack may have still risen out
of the house, but the flues were divided between fireplaces on either side of the stairhall. More typically, the central chimney was replaced with two separate chimney stacks having fireplaces in the wall to divide the front and rear rooms on either side of the hallway. This arrangement of four rooms also made it possible to have a formal dining room.oom..... room..... room....
Historic Plan Types
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Categories of Houses
Historic Plan Types
Central Hall Planlan
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Categories of Houses
sideHallPlan
Side Hall Planlannan
This plan puts the stairhall on one side of the front of the house facing the street. For houses that were a smaller size, i.e. with a three-bay facade instead of a five-bay facade, this was a logical development.
As long as the accepted convention was that the main entrance face the street and some sort of symmetrical balance in the arrangement of doors and windows was aesthetically desirable, the side hall was the only alternative to the cen-tral hall -- unless, of course, you changed the orientation of the staircase from perpendicular to the street to parallel and placed the entrance on the side of the house, which was the next development.
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Categories of Houses
Historic Plan Types
Side Hall Planlanlan
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Categories of Houses
Compare the influences of climate, technology, and culture on American house design since Colonial times.
Here are building techniques brought and adapted to
this country which determine how we build.
three
Arrangement of rooms has adapted to climatic conditions and social changes as basic types have spread beyond their places of origin..in.
To understand styles of houses over time is to read the cultural and social history of the United States.
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Determinants of Form
Categories of Houses
Our survey of American houses from 1600 to 1970 is divided into three categories -- construction technique, historic plan types, and historic style -- to emphasize the different perspectives from which you might consider the house.
The distinction between technique, plan, and style is signifi-cant. Each category isolates a few determinants of house form so that the impact of these forces upon the whole house can be better understood.
Examining construction techniques focuses us on the technology and materials that were available to builders. Limited means has produced a limited number of forms; unlimited means has produced tectonic confusion.
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tectonic
tectonic
tectonic -- pertaining to construction or building; the way in which the physical elements of construction express meaning.
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Timber Framing Technique
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Categories of Houses
Developed by R. Buckminster Fuller in the late 1940s, the geodesic structure did not find popular appeal for houses until the third quarter of this century when the so-called "counter-culture" movement spawned a desire to build in a fashion that rejected the traditional recti-linear approach to design. Claims were made for improved air circulation and energy conservation. Some proponents may also have been motivated by a more cosmic approach since a dome is a shape which suggests the earth itself.
Although Fuller designed geodesic domes of steel and glass, this type of construction was employed for houses using wood covered with canvas or plywood and shingles, or plastic covered with vinyl. Even ferro-concrete domes were constructed.....
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Geodesic
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bracedFrame
The least understood aspect of wood framing is the braced frame because it is transitional between timber frame and balloon frame. Since it is transitional, there were many variations of this technique, depending upon the availability of wood, the capacities of sawmills in a given locality, and the willingness of the carpenter to depart from the traditions of timber framing.
The principal of the braced frame is similar to the timber frame in that large posts, usually 4 x 8 or 4 x 6, were used for sills, corner posts and plates to frame the house. As nails or spikes became available at more reasonable cost, they might be substituted for wood pegs, although the mortise and tenon joint was retained. smaller dimensions of of f ctural members were compensated for by introducing diagonal bracing where vertical and horizontal beams were joined. Further structural rigidity was introduced in the use of studs that were usually 3 x 4 before the Civil War. Sawmills were increasingly able to turn out wood in uniform dimensions in greater quantity at economical rates. In other words, more houses could be produced out of a given amount of lumber, thus providing an incentive for builders to economize on its use in construction techniques.
:PHYSSIZE
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Braced Frame
HOUSE DESIGN
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me so have no reference. Same problem in the phrase in 1st sentence of 2d para "similar to the timber frame" -- reader has no established po
HOUSE DESIGN
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earthSheltered
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Sod houses are an historical antecedent to
the earth-sheltered houses of recent times. Many sod houses were built into an embankment in a manner similar to modern earth-sheltered struc-tures. The latter came into more accepted use as a result of the energy crisis.
The benefits of an earth-sheltered home include energy conservation and protection from the elements --- the earth embankment on the weather side insulates the house and takes advantage of the natural topography. Certain aspects of traditional construction such as a basement, become a major added expense unless alternative solutions are achieved..............
Categories of Houses
| 4 y
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Earth-Sheltered Houses
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Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Earth-Sheltered Houses
brick
:PHYSSIZE
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Brick
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Manufactured
ConstructTechniques
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histPlans
The urban variation of this plan was useful for townhouses in which the main entrance was still
on the front. In the case of homes for the more wealthy, the double parlor was located on the second floor in the fashion of an Italian Palazzo.
A centrally located staircase toward the rear of
the building, however, provided greater options
in floor circulation.
For a small townhouse, however, this placement of the staircase behind the front room made better use of a tightly restricted building envelope and allowed for a large double parlor facing the street..
Categories of Houses
Historic Plan Types
Back Hall Plannanlan
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HOUSE DESIGN
:PHYSSIZE
histPlans
centralHallPlan
sideHallPlan
logConstruction
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Log Construction
:PHYSSIZE
Log construction originated as a relatively quick and easy, yet sturdy, method of erecting a dwelling where resources were limited.
Categories of Houses
HOUSE DESIGN
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:PHYSSIZE
building. In the late 19th century, buildings that appear to be masonry construction
may actually have a different structural system......stem.may actually have a different structural system..ruction may actually have a different structural system.
Categories of Houses
:PHYSSIZE
concrete
backHallPlan
stone
The use of stone in construction depended upon its availability, quality, and the presence of stone-
cutters. Its expense in terms of having to be quarried, transported and laid restricted its use.
Some stone is consistently hard and durable, such as granite. The drawback of that stone, however, is that it is less easy to carve. Sandstone has always been considered attractive and easy to work, but varies in strength and durability, especially if quarried improperly. Limestone was very popular in the early twentieth century and has the advantage of being easy to keep clean.
n desirable for its appearance, but was primarily only used for facing and does not hold up in climates with frequent freeze-thaw cycles as it is not very impervious to moisture. Fieldstone, including cobblestone in Ontario and New York, was used more commonly in rural areas due to its availability in a given locality and the fact that it does not have to be quarried or dressed. A final stone in use for construction si slate, which provides an extremely durable roofing material and comes in gray, red, black and green.
Stone derives a different appearance depending upon how it i quarried or finished. A smooth finish, "ashlar," or a rough finish, "quarry faced," are most common. Just as brick could be used as a facing material for wood frame buildings, so stone was commonly used to face brick buildings.
Marble has always been desirable for its appearance, but was primarily used for facing. It doesn't hold up in climates with frequent freeze-thaw cycles as it is not impervious to moisture. re. e.
Categories of Houses
p ( m
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Stone
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HOUSE DESIGN
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Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Stone
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Massive adobe walls, usually
2 to 3 feet thick, are ideally suited
to the thermal swing of a typical
day in the southwest.
The adobe mass absorbs the strong sun during the day, keeping the interior cool, and re-radiates this stored solar energy at night, keeping the house interior warm.
Adobe
:PHYSSIZE
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Adobe
LShapedPlan
In other regions of the country, the typical farmhouse featured an ell extending from one side. The most typical arrangement was to
enter through the ell rather than the main block.
In rural areas where formal entertainment, and consequently the use of the parlor, was less common, this changed the social orientation
of the house. One entered the ell, which was
the service wing of the house. The staircase
was located off this room in a variety of locations, but was no longer necessarily an important ornamental feature to impress visitors....is changed the social orientation
of the house. One entered the ell, which was
the service wing of the house. The staircase
was located off this room in a variety of locations, but was no longer necessarily an import-ant ornamental feature to impress visitors...tors..isitors.
:PHYSSIZE
:PHYSSIZE
Categories of Houses
Historic Plan Types
L-Shaped Plannnanlan
hdm.tbk
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The most common form of freestanding middle class housing in the 19th century was a two-story main block with an ell extending from one side or the rear. In New England, the ell extended straight back to the rear, usually because of the narrow urban lots.
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Categories of Houses
Compare the influences of climate, technology, and culture on American house design since Colonial times.
Here are building techniques brought and adapted to
this country which determine how we build.
three
Arrangement of rooms has adapted to climatic conditions and social changes as basic types have spread beyond their places of origin..in.
To understand styles of houses over time is to read the cultural and social history of the United States.
timberFrame
balloonFrame
earthSheltered
This technique was developed in the early 20th century by companies such as Aladdin and Sears Roebuck, who had catalogues featuring a great variety of house designs. Everything needed to build the house shown in the plans could be ordered and shipped, ready for assembly.
Modern day manufactured houses are the inheritors of this tradition, the principal difference being that they are largely assembled in one or two components in the factory and then shipped to the site...
picture??
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Manufactured
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masonry
brick
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balloonFrame
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The demand for more housing led to the development of the balloon frame. It has been documented that this con-struction technique originated in Chicago in the 1830s to meet the building demands of a developing city in a
region where wood was at a premium.
This form of construction consists of light machine sawn wood, ranging from 2 x 2 to 4 x 5, nailed together to create
a rigid frame. The sill to plate framing members are used
in great quantity, usually 16 inches on center, to create a structural system whose strength is based on rigidity rather than the load-bearing capacity of the individual timbers.
A critical part of achieving this strength was gained through nailing exterior sheathing to the frame. As its name sug-gests, this system of construction met with considerableeiderable skepticism when introduced. It only gradually won acceptance in rural areas during the mid- to late 19th century.
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Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Balloon Frame
skepticism when introduced. It only gradually won acceptance in rural areas during the mid-to-late19th century.........9th century.is system of construction met with considerable skepticism when introduced. It only gradually won acceptance in rural areas during the mid- to late 19th century.
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Log Construction
Early settlers may have lacked the skills, tools, or time to wait for timber to season, have it cut and hewn with mortise and tenon joints, and raised in a frame. Log houses were quicker and easier to build than timber frame houses, and therefore often served as the first permanent dwelling for a farmer. Because they withstood attack better than frame houses, logs were used in the construction of garrison houses, which served as the defensive points where settlers could gather for protection.
ed in the construction of garrison houses, which served as the defensive points where settlers could gather for protection.
g construction varied by region in several ways. Particularly distinctive were the ways logs were cut to produce a tight joint between each course, and how they were notched at the outside corners. Each region has its own variations which can usually be directly traced to a particular European ethnic tradition.ver from Europe.
Log construction varied by region in several ways. Particularly distinctive were the ways logs were cut to produce a tight joint between each course, and how they were notched at the outside corners. Each region has its own variations which can usually be directly traced to a particular European ethnic tradition..
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Categories of Houses
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centralChimneyPlan
Before the introduction of stoves or central heating, it was essential in northern climates to locate the chimney centrally to conserve heat. The Central Chimney plan included several variations, such as hall and parlor, cape cod, saltbox, and garrison.
The principal element in these plan types is
that the chimney block is literally the central feature. The size of the chimney size block , which includes a bake oven, requires the staircase to be short and steep, usually at the front entrance.
two room house, the rooms on either side consisted of a parlor and kitchen. Larger houses added a room on the rear for the kitchen up against the rear of the chimney block. This third room was often subdivided into 2 or 3 rooms to include a ground floor bedroom and a woodshed, sometimes with a second staircase to the upper floor in a full two story house..house. house.se..full two story house.
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Categories of Houses
Historic Plan Types
Central Chimney Plan
ConstructTechniques
Construction Techniques
ConstructTechniques
Historic Plan Types
Fireplaces were also located on the two side walls and on the rear wall. Chimneys on the out-side walls were constructed inside the frame in the north, and outside the frame in the south. In southern climates where the chimney was not centrally located, the Central Hall plan was the norm at an earlier stage.. stage.e.
Central Hall Planlan
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Categories of Houses
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Biblio
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HOUSE DESIGN
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This relationship between materials, technology and art is captured in the term
tectonic as defined by the historian Stanford Anderson.
'Tektonik' [Anderson's spelling] referred not to the activity of making the materially requisite construction ... but rather to the activity that raises this construction to an art form .... The functionally adequate form must be adapted so as to give expression to its function. The sense of bearing provided by the entasis of Greek columns became the touchstone of this concept of tektonik.
tektonik. [FN]
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesetruction Technique
Tectonics""
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en Moore)
"entasis"
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entasis
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See The Anti-Aesthetic by Kenneth Frampton, citing Stanford Anderson, p. 27..........
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entasis
Entasis -- (en' ti sis) slightly convex curve given to a column to correct the optical illusion of curving inward that is characteristic of a straight-line column. (See illustration on right.)
Entasis
HOUSE DESIGN
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of masonry ofter led to its being used as a facing material on a wood frame.
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Fieldstone, including cobblestone in Ontario and New York, was used more commonly in rural areas due to its availability in a given locality and the fact that it doesn't have to be quarried or dressed. A final stone in use for construction is slate, which provides an extremely durable roof-ing material and comes in gray, red, black and green.
Stone derives a different appearance depend-ing upon how it is quarried or finished. A smooth finish, "ashlar," or a rough finish, "quarry faced,"
is most common. Just as brick could be used as a facing material for wood frame buildings, so stone was commonly used to face brick buildings., "ashlar," or a rough finish, "quarry faced," are most common. Just as brick could be used as a facing material for wood frame buildings, so stone was commonly used to face brick buildings.
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Stone
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Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Brick
Early bricks were handmade and baked in small kilns in which the temperature could not be raised high enough at a consistent rate to pro-duce a hard, evenly burned product. Improved technology led to a hard, dense brick with fine joints called "pressed brick" that was used on the most expensive houses, although often only on the principal elevations.
Different colors were also made available in the 19th century. Different bonding patterns were used from the beginning, and these later became a stylistic option for a house. Since stone was generally preferred over brick for aesthetic reasons, a popular technique in the third quarter of the 19th century was to cover a brick house preferred over brick for aesthetic reasons, ae was generally preferred over brick for aesthetic considerations, a popular technique in the third quarter of the 19th century was to cover a brick house witha smooth stucco finish that was scored to look like stone. Thus a wood frame house might receive a veneer of brick, simulated as stone.
with a smooth stucco finish scored to look like stone. Thus, a wood frame house might receive a veneer of brick, simulated as stone..........................................................................................ored to look like stone. Thus a wood frame house might receive a veneer of brick, simulated as stone..s stone.
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Categories of Houses
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preferred over brick for aesthetic reasons, a popular technique in the third quarter
than generally realized. The principle of assembling a house in a factory and shipping it to another location can be traced back to the 18th century when wood frames were cut and assembled in sections for shipment to other parts of this country, as well as overseas, where housing industries had not developed. By the mid-19th century, architects could order an entire frame for very large structures based upon plans they supplied to the mill.
As early as 1889 one Chicago firm offered "ready-made houses," for which it was claimed nearly all of the work was done by machine. These were not portable houses, but structures assembled on the site, lathed and plastered, and erected on a perma-nent foundation. They were shipped in pieces with everything cut to proper size..g cut to proper size.sions.ns...ensions...ns.
Courtesy Epoch Corp.
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
d Houses
Manufactured
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Categories of Houses
Compare the influences of climate, technology, and culture on American house design since Colonial times.
Here are building techniques brought and adapted to
this country which determine how we build.
three
Arrangement of rooms has adapted to climatic conditions and social changes as basic types have spread beyond their places of origin..in.
To understand styles of houses over time is to read the cultural and social history of the United States.
Historic styles are limited to the aesthetic and cultural determinants of form which are imposed upon technology and plans.
There are certainly other categories of houses we could invent to illustrate other variables of design. But enough is enough! These three are the primary determinants of form in traditional houses for you to consider as you design your own house.........nt to illustrate other variable of design. But enough is enough. These three are the primary determinants of form in traditional houses for you to consider as you design your own house.
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Greek Revival style
Categories of Houses
platformFrame
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Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
This is the common technique of construction used today and is a variation of the balloon frame. The first and second floors are fabricat-ed as separate units, eliminating the need for long sill to plate framing members.
This variation also provided integral fire stops within the wall -- a critical flaw of the balloon framing system.
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Categories of Houses
Platform Frame
logConstruction
mouseLeave
ConstructTechniques
Construction Techniquesetruction Technique
Tectonics""
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The materials and tools with which we build make the house -- both physically and poetically. Living in a wooden house in the desert should feel as dislocating as living in an adobe house in New England.
The materials which form our spaces will influence how those spaces are made, and in turn will influence the character of activity which takes place within them.
lationship between materials, technology and art is captured in the term tektonik as defined by the historian Stanford Anderson:
'Tektonik' referred not to the activity of making the
materially requisite construction ... but rather to the
activity that raises this construction to an art form ....
The functionally adequate form must be adapted so
as to give expression to its function. The sense of
bearing provided by the entasis of Greek columns
became the touchstone of this concept of tektonik. [FN]
Courtesy Steven Moore))
New England weatherboards and divided lights sssssssssssngland weather conditions
Categories of Houses
The framing of these houses was massively overbuilt in the sense that much larger timbers were used than was necessary. This had to do with a lack of understanding of the minimum structural require-ments to support a frame, and was not a problem given the availability of wood in large dimensions.
All four sides of a timber frame were assembled on the ground in place and raised up to be joined together. Since a joint is the weakest point of any structure, the fewer places two different pieces of wood are joined together the better. For this reason, all vertical and horizontal members were of one piece of wood, and, consequently, a two-story house required considerably more effort in labor and expense than a one-story house.
ape Cod house is nothing more than a one-story timber frame house, and it was not restricted to that region of Massachusetts. Timber framing continued to be used for barns well into the 20th century, and in recent times has been reintroduced for houses based on its nostalgic and aesthetic appeal.
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The so-called Cape Cod house is nothing more than a one-story timber frame house, and it was not restricted to that region of Massachusetts. Timber framing continued to be used for barns well into the 20th century, and in recent times has been reintroduced for houses based on its nostalgic and aesthetic appeal.
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Timber Frame
adobe
Adobe
Adobe is clay mixed with water and formed into a building material that is allowed to dry in the sun. The survival of ancient Native American adobe villages
is testimony to it durability in dry climates. The Spanish adopted this material, with modifications to suit their own cultural traditions.
Adobe bricks were made often with straw added as
a binder to retard shrinkage when drying. Roofs were constructed of long wood timbers overlaid with lighter wood and a covering of adobe. These rather primitive building techniques were improved upon in the 19th century in California with gable roofs covered in tile
which extended down over a second floor balcony. Smooth plaster or stucco also covered the walls.
The massive adobe walls, usually 2 to 3 feet thick, are ideally suited to the thermal swing of a typical day in the southwest. The adobe mass absorbs the strong sun during the day, keeping the interior cool, and re-raidates this stored solar energy at night, keeping the interior warm...
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
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Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Adobe
histPlans
Historic Plan Types
House plans, like styles, come in a great many variations. They may be analyzed in geometric, environmental, or social terms. We described some of the geometric prin-ciples in Formal Principles. Here we are concerned with historic examples that em-phasize the enviromental and cultural determinants of plans, and have limited
our discussion to the most common types used prior to the modern period.
ypes are occasionally local phenomena, and occasionally bornder upon being universal. Most are affected by regional conditions as well as shifts in national or international cultural attitudes about the house. It is, in fact, this layering of influences which creates richness in architecture.
Layers of Influencee Layers of Influence
These types are occasionally local phenomena, yet occasionally border upon being universal. Most are affected by regional conditions as well as shifts in national or international cultural attitudes about the house.
It is, in fact, this layering of influences which creates richness in architecture..
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ibe where you're going.short text to describe where you're going.
Categories of Houses
timberFrame
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Houses built by the first European settlers of this continent were dictated in large part by the availability of materials. Wood, especially old growth trees, was available in abundance. Other materials used in building, such as iron nails, plaster, and glass, were expensive and hard to get.
Timber frame construction consisted of heavy timbers, the largest being 8 x 12 or 10 x 14 , fastened together with wood pegs in a mortise and tenon joint. Wood panels were substituted for plaster walls in many instances, and window panes were very small.
8888four sides of a timber frame were assembled on the ground in place and raised up to be joined together. Since a joint is the weakest point of any structure, the fewer places two different pieces of wood are joined together the better. For this reason, all vertical and horizontal members were of one piece of wood, and, consequently, a two-story house required considerably more effort in labor and expense than a one-story house. The so-called Cape Cod
house is nothing more than a one-story timber frame house, and it was not restricted to that region of Massachusetts. Timber framing continued to be used for barns well into the 20th century, and in recent times has been reintroduced for houses based on its nostalgic and aesthetic appeal.
ed for barns well into the 20th century, and in recent times has been reintroduced for houses based on its nostalgic and aesthetic appeal.
ming continued to be used for barns well into the 20th century, and in recent times has been reintroduced for houses based on its nostalgic and aesthetic appeal.
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Timber Frame
minantsOfForm
Determinants of Form
platformFrame
concrete
A mixture of cement, sand, and an aggregate
of stone, this material was developed by the Romans but largely forgotten until the late 19th century. Early use of concrete in construction was to pour it into wooden forms where it would set. By the early 20th century it was possible to purchase small molding machines to make concrete building blocks in your back yard. The purpose was to use concrete as an inexpensive imitation of stone, and concrete blocks were molded to appear to have an ashlar or quarry-faced side.
or the same reason, concrete was especially popular for use as "cast stone," a molded material used for all kinds of exterior ornamentation. Cast stone was indeed a popular material for even the most wealthy person's house, and is often hard to distinguish from the real thing.....ing.hing.
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Concrete
For the same reason, concrete was especially popular for use as "cast stone," a molded material used for all kinds of exterior ornamentation. Cast stone was indeed a popular material for even the most wealthy person's house, and is often hard to distinguish from the real thing.
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concrete was especially popular for use as "cast stone," a molded material used for all kinds of exterior ornamentation. Cast stone was indeed a popular material for even the most wealthy person's house, and is often hard to distinguish from the real thing.
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The lack of trees on the American prairie compelled settlers to use the earth itself as
a construction material to build houses.
Specially designed plows which prevented
the earth from being churned up were devel-oped to assist farmers in building dirt houses.
In addition to being cheap, sod was cool in summer and, if well built, warm in winter. It was also considered a good material to withstand attacks from both man and nature.
Unfortunately, a sod house was constantly
dirty inside and susceptible to chronic leaks -- not to mention intrusions from rodents and insects. Like log houses, sod was useful as a quick and temporary building material until more substantial dwellings could be constructed..
In a two room house, the rooms on either side consisted of a parlor and kitchen. Larger houses added a room on the rear for the kitchen up against the rear of the chimney block. This third room was often sub-divided into two or three rooms to include a ground floor bedroom and a woodshed, sometimes with a second staircase to the upper floor in a full two story house..
As early as 1889 one Chicago firm offered "ready-made houses," for which it was claimed nearly all of the work was done by machine. These were not portable houses, but structures assembled on the site, lathed and plastered, and erected on a permanent foundation. They were shipped in pieces with everything cut to proper size.
This technique was developed in the early 20th century by companies such as Aladdin and Sears Roebuck, who had catalogues featuring a great variety of house designs. Everything needed to build the house shown in the plans could be ordered and shipped, ready for assembly.
Modern day manufactured houses are
the inheritors of this tradition, the principalll difference being that they are largely assembled in one or two components in the factory and then shipped to the site.
Categories of Houses
Construction Techniquesstruction Techniques
Manufactured
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difference being that they are largely assembled in one or two components in the factory and then shipped to the site.e largely assembled in one or two components in the factory and then shipped to the site.